Kenning: Definition
A kenning is a compound metaphor in which a figurative name is used to present an object. It replaces a simple noun with a more imaginative description. It is used mainly in Old English and Old Norse poetry. Kennings were widely used in works like Beowulf.
The word “kenning” comes from an Old Norse word meaning “to know” or “to recognize.”
Characteristics and Examples of Kennings
- Compound expression:
A kenning is usually a compound expression formed by combining two words to create a new and imaginative meaning. Instead of directly naming an object or idea, poets use these compound phrases to describe it metaphorically. For example, the kenning “bone-house” refers to the body, “whale-road” means the sea, “wave-floater” stands for a ship, “sky-candle” represents the sun, and “battle-dew” refers to blood. Such compound expressions make the language more poetic, vivid, and artistic.
- Metaphorical in Nature
Kennings are metaphorical in nature because they describe things indirectly through imagery and figurative language rather than naming them directly. These expressions create vivid pictures in the reader’s mind and make poetry more imaginative. For example, “war-light” is used for a sword, “life-house” refers to the body, “sea-horse” means a ship, “storm of swords” represents a battle, and “raven-harvest” refers to the dead bodies left after war. Such metaphorical expressions enrich the poetic quality of the language. It describes something indirectly through metaphor or imagery.
- Creates Vivid Imagery
Kennings make poetry highly imaginative and help readers visualize scenes more clearly through vivid imagery. Instead of using ordinary words, poets employ creative expressions that paint striking pictures in the reader’s mind. For example, “swan-road” is used for the sea, which suggests the path on which swans travel, while “heaven’s jewel” and “cloud-candle” both refer to the sun, for its brightness and beauty. Similarly, “fish-home” means the ocean, and “battle-sark” refers to armour worn in war. Such kennings enrich poetic language more artistic and memorable.
Also read: Definition of Epyllion, Its characteristics and examples
